Advances in brain-computer interface technologies and real-time functional brain imaging methods led to the development of novel neurofeedback approaches which allow for brain training that can induce plastic brain changes. Recent neurofeedback studies using real-time fMRI, EEG and MEG have successfully demonstrated the huge potential of this novel approach to address neuroscientific questions and to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this symposium, we will discuss current achievements and future direction of brain-computer interface and neurofeedback research.